Abstract: The traditional filter weighing method has a cumbersome operation process, a long detection cycle, and a low degree of automation. Although it has high accuracy, it cannot meet the needs of real-time detection of dust concentration. An automatic dust mass concentration detection device was designed, and the temperature and humidity compensation model was established to replace the steps of filter membrane drying after sampling in the manual weighing method, so as to further reduce the dust concentration detection time and the volume of the dust concentration detection device. The prototype device was built and the experiment was conducted. The test results showed that the standard deviation of the CCZ-20A dust sampler commonly used in coal mines and the converted concentration of dust detected by this device was within 5%, and the fitting correlation of the experimental data under the univariate linear regression fitting analysis was good. In order to further improve the detection accuracy of the device, an error compensation method based on the combination of Fourier series, linear fitting and periodic fitting was studied, and the concentration calculation process of the device was established and brought into the original data, and the detection concentration error of the device was concentrated from the original (−7.20%, −1.26%) to (−3.64%, 3.65%). After the introduction of the device concentration calculation process, several comparative experiments were carried out, and the experimental results showed that the detection errors of the device concentration were within this range, which verified the reliability of the device concentration calculation process. The device shortens the time required for dust concentration detection, and at the same time controls the detection error within a reasonable range, which provides a reference for the research of filter membrane weighing method in the online monitoring of dust concentration.